< From Former Slaves To Writers, Civilians, Too, Rest At Arlington

SCOTT SIMON, BYLINE: Scott Simon here again, sitting in again for Rachel Martin today. There's a piece of sacred ground in Arlington, Virginia, just across the river from the nation's capital. Six hundred and twenty four acres covered in rows and rows of headstones and American flags.

Today marks 150 years since Arlington National Cemetery was officially designated as a military burial ground. It was created, in part, to hold the remains of many of those Union soldiers who were killed in the Civil War on land that once belonged to the Confederate General Robert E. Lee. [Post-Broadcast Correction: In the audio of this story, as in a previous Web version, we say that Arlington Cemetery is on land owned by Robert E. Lee. The land was owned by his wife.] Today, more than 400,000 men and women are buried there, most of the members of the Armed Forces who served in active duty. And while we often think of the cemetery as the final resting place of fallen soldiers, there are others also buried there - family members, as well as other civilians. Today, we hear about the lives of three people who were not war heroes, but whose legacies reside in Arlington.

TAMARA MOORE: I'm Tamara Moore, and I am the great granddaughter of James Parks. James Parks was born into slavery at the Arlington estate. He lived there all his life. He worked there. And then prior to his death, he got a special approval to actually be buried on the grounds where he had been born, as well as where he had worked all his life. We call him Uncle Jim.

The estate was abandoned during the Civil War. Uncle Jim and the other slaves continued to carry out their duties there. What I read is that James Parks was the one that actually started to dig the graves of the dead. As they were, he says, they were lined up like cordwood. He had always wanted to be buried there. And there were a series of letters that were written by an attorney. And in that series of letters, he took on the effort of writing the War Department and getting the approval so that Uncle Jim could be buried there. And he was successful.

SIMON: Tamara Moore reads from one of these letters, which thanks the assistant secretary of war for approving Jim Parks' request.

MOORE: It is a fine, sentimental thought to contemplate that old Uncle Jim Parks, who has helped to prepare so many graves for the heroes of our Army and Navy, will one day find his own grave in the beautiful spot he has labored so faithfully to serve throughout his long and useful life.

I tried to imagine it without the graves. I tried to imagine it in the state when he was a little boy and when he grew up into manhood. I see him standing and just gazing and taking in the beauty, taking in all that's around. The trees, the quietness, the peacefulness that's there. And you draw strength from doing that. And when I go there, sometimes, I stand and I do the same thing.

EDWARD WILLIAM DIGGES: My name is Edward William Digges Jr. I am the grandson of Dr. Ali Josephine-Prescott-Baird-Bennett, MD. I don't know where she got it, but she always had the dream of being a medical doctor. She met a man, a little bit older than her, and they eloped when she was 16 years old with the promise that he would put her through med school.

She was a medical doctor when the World War I broke out. So she signed a contract May 1, 1918 with the U.S. Army to serve as a contract surgeon. And the only insignia she had was, I have her campaign hat and they wore a ribbon, a kind of a tassel around her. And that indicated officer rank of first lieutenant. And she was charged with supervising the health and care of 1,100 women employees. And I remember she told me that they had tents set up down the side of the mall, off Independence Avenue. She was considered the first female medical officer commissioned in the U.S. Army. [POST-BROADCAST CLARIFICATION: The audio, as in a previous Web version, may give the erroneous impression that Dr. Ali Bennett had been in charge of 1,100 women during World War I. In fact, she did not have this responsibility until after the war, when she had left the U.S. Army.]

FREDRICK ROBERTS RINEHART: My name is Fredrick Roberts Rinehart. And actually, the great-grandson of Mary Roberts Rinehart. She was, probably, one of the most popular women writers of her era. She really appealed to middle-class women in particular. She wrote 60 books. And they were mostly mysteries and romances. But she was also a journalist, so many of her books were collections, there were travel logs. She wrote, probably, the seminal book about the outbreak of World War I, being the first correspondent on the Allied front. She was very determined to go, and this was the first great adventure of her life. And she left behind her husband and three sons to sail at the expense of the Saturday Evening Post to England.

Now while she was in England, she joined the Belgian Red Cross. And that was her subterfuge for going to the front. She said, I'm going over to inspect the hospital situation there. So they basically gave her a pass and she spent two weeks at the front where other correspondence were given no more than 24 hours. Her husband opposed her going over pretty vehemently, but she decided she was going anyway. She saw history being made and she wanted to witness it. When she went over again in 1917, my grandfather was serving under Pershing in France. And he found out that his mother was at the front. He immediately telegrammed his father and said, what on Earth is mother doing here?

SIMON: Mary Roberts Rinehart now lies buried next to her husband at Arlington. He was a doctor in the Army Medical Corps. Hers was one of three stories we just heard of those buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The others were about James Parks, who was once a slave and Ali Josephine-B.-Bennett, who was a doctor. Arlington Cemetery observes its 150th anniversary today. This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. Rachel Martin has become a mother once again today. I'm Scott Simon.

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